Two of the four known groups of human AIDS viruses originated in western lowland gorillas in Cameroon, scientists said Monday.
The virus that causes almost all the cases of AIDS worldwide, called HIV-1, has jumped species to infect humans on at least four separate occasions, generating four HIV-1 lineages: groups M, N, O, and P.
Previous research has found that groups M and N originated in geographically distinct chimpanzee communities in southern Cameroon, but the origins of groups O and P remained uncertain.
The new study, published in the U.S. journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, conducted a comprehensive survey of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection in African gorillas.
The scientists screened fecal samples from western lowland gorillas, eastern lowland gorillas, and mountain gorillas in Cameroon, Gabon, the Democratic Republic of Congo, and Uganda for the presence of SIVs that are thought to be the precursors of HIV- 1.
They identified four field sites in southern Cameroon where western lowland gorillas harbor SIVs.
“Viral sequencing revealed a high degree of genetic diversity among the different gorilla samples,” co-author Professor Beatrice Hahn of Pennsylvania University said in a statement.
“Two of the gorilla virus lineages were particularly closely related to HIV-1 groups O and P. This told us that these two groups originated in western lowland gorillas.”
Martine Peeters of the University of Montpellier in France, who led the study, said the finding is critical to gauge future human infection risks.
“From this study and others that our team has conducted in the past it has become clear that both chimpanzees and gorillas harbor viruses that are capable of crossing the species barrier to humans and have the potential to cause major disease outbreaks,” Peeters added.
HIV-1’s four known groups have had very different outcomes in humans.
Group M gave rise to the AIDS pandemic, infecting more than 40 million people worldwide by spreading across Africa and throughout the rest of the world.
Groups N and P, at the other extreme, have only been found in a few individuals from Cameroon.
But group O, although not as widespread and prevalent as group M, has nonetheless infected about 100,000 people in west central Africa.
Another virus type, called HIV-2, also causes AIDS, but the virus is endemic only in West Africa.
