The Islamic State: The last battle in Syria?
By Rene Wadlow
What seems to be the last battle against a cohesive remnant of the Islamic State (ISIS) in Syria is taking place in the large town of Baghuz on the Euphatas River near the Iraq frontier. As many families as possible have been evacuated from the town, but there are estimates that some 200 families remain. The ISIS fighters have mixed into the families making a final attack more difficult. ISIS is opposed by the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF), largely Kurdish troops with a few Arabs mixed in so that one cannot say “Kurdish troops”. The SDF has been actively supported by U.S. and French troops, especially air forces.
The question of what to do with the foreign ISIS, jihadists, men and women as well as non-jihadists wives and children has also drawn attention with differing positions among European governments as well as between the U.S.A. and Europe. However, there has been relatively little attention given to the Syrian Kurds who are the fighting front line.
While the Kurdish issues in Turkey have attracted international attention, and the largely autonomous Kurdish region of Iraq is a major player in Iraqi politics, the Kurds in Syria have been less studied. Although the Syrian Kurds did not arise “out of nowhere” as the title of this useful book might lead one to think, they have not been as visible factors until now as other ethnic or sectarian groups.[1] As Michael Gunter, a specialist on the Kurdish world, writes “ On 19 July 2012, the previously almost unheard Syrian Kurds suddenly emerged as a potential game changer in the Syrian civil war and what its aftermath might hold for the future in the Middle East when in an attempt to consolidate their increasingly desperate position, government troops were abruptly pulled out of the major Kurdish areas. The Kurds in Syria had suddenly become autonomous, a situation that also gravely affected neighbouring Turkey and the virtually independent Kurdistan Regional Government in Iraq. Indeed, the precipitous rise of the Kurds in Syria bid to become a tipping point that might help change the artificial borders of the Middle East established after the First World War following the notorious Sykes-Picot Agreement.”
In a hope of keeping the Kurds out of the growing armed conflict, shortly after the 15 March 2011 start of the Syrian armed conflict, in April 2011, Bashaar al-Assad had granted Syrian citizenship to some 220,000 Kurds that had been long waiting to be considered as citizens or who had been stripped of their citizenship in a 1962 census. However, armed conflict spread, and the Islamic State started to control territory near Kurdish majority areas. Some observers see the Kurds as “objective allies” of Bashaar as they have many of the same enemies.
Working with the regime has largely saved the Kurdish areas from government bombardment and allowed Kurdish leadership to build alternative forms of government. Gunter discusses in some detail the influence among some Kurdish leaders in Turkey and Syria of the writings of Murray Bookchin (1921-2006) and his views of ecologically-sound autonomous governance − “democratic autonomy”. [2]
During the current “fog of war”, it is difficult to see what forms of cooperation will be developed among the Kurdish areas of Syria, Iraq, Turkey and possibly Iran. There have been talks in Switzerland among Kurdish leaders of the four countries. What is sure, is that the Syrian Kurds will not return to “nowhere”.
Notes
- Michael M. Gunter. Out of Nowhere: The Kurds of Syria in Peace and War(London: Hurst and Co, 2014, 169 pp.)
- see Damian White. Bookchin: A Critical Appraisal (London: Pluto Press, 2008)
